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Price Enterprises

Толкование Перевод

1 Price Enterprises, Inc.

NASDAQ: PREN, PRENP

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Price Enterprises, Inc.
2 PREN

1) Сахалин Ю: pitting resistance equivalent number

2) НАСДАК: Price Enterprises, Inc.

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > PREN
3 PRENP

НАСДАК: Price Enterprises, Inc.

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > PRENP
4 prEN

1) Сахалин Ю: pitting resistance equivalent number

2) НАСДАК: Price Enterprises, Inc.

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > prEN
5 security

сущ.

1)

а) общ. безопасность

collective security — коллективная безопасность

food security — продовольственная безопасность

national security — национальная безопасность

to ensure [to provide\] security — обеспечивать безопасность

to undermine security — подрывать безопасность

See:

economic security, food security, personal security, national security, national security override, security consultant, security exceptions, security zone, Container Security Initiative, Bureau of Industry and Security, Department of Homeland Security, Mutual Security Agency, Security Council

б) общ. защита, охрана (от чего-л.); гарантия, гарантированность

job security — гарантия занятости, гарантированность сохранения рабочего места

в) пол. органы [служба\] безопасности

See:

security director, security manager, security officer

2) фин. обеспечение, залог (имущество, используемое в качестве гарантии при кредитовании)

against security — под обеспечение, под гарантию

The loan is given against security of the fixed deposit. — Заем предоставлен под обеспечение срочным депозитом.

A company borrows money against security. — Компания занимает деньги под обеспечение.

Syn:

collateral

See:

secured debt, secured creditor, unsecured, collateral security

3) ценная бумага

а) фин., обычно мн. ценная бумага (документ, который закрепляет право владения или отношения займа, может передаваться из рук в руки и является инструментом привлечения финансирования; в американском законодательстве трактуется как сделка по предоставлению денежных средств в пользование другого лица с целью извлечения прибыли, удостоверяющий такую сделку документ, а также право на его приобретение или продажу, которые характеризуются следующими обстоятельствами: а) мотивацией продавца, заключающейся в привлечении капитала, необходимого для общего использования в коммерческом предприятии продавца или для финансирования существенных инвестиций, б) мотивацией покупателя, заключающейся в получении прибыли от предоставления средств, в) выступлением инструмента в роли предмета обычной торговли, г) разумными ожиданиями покупателя о применении к инструменту федеральных законов о ценных бумагах, д) отсутствием сокращающего риск фактора, напр., выражающегося в применении к инструменту другой схемы регулирования)

ATTRIBUTES [creator\]: Treasury, municipal, muni, state, local, foreign, home, home country, domestic, agency 1), federal agency 1), state agency, authority 2), private, private sector, public, public sector, public utility 2), external, internal, international, industrial, tax district, railroad, school, school district, refunding, advance refunding, equipment trust, new money 2)

ATTRIBUTES [purpose\]: tax anticipation 2), revenue anticipation, grant anticipation, bond anticipation, private activity, reorganization 2), savings, capital 2), income, guaranteed income, growth 1), war, defence, debt conversion, construction 1), infrastructure, infrastructure renewal, housing 1), manufactured housing 1), equipment trust, equipment, consolidated, mezzanine 2)

pollution control security — ценные бумаги для реализации экологических проектов

pollution control municipal securities — муниципальные ценные бумаги для реализации экологических проектов

The Company also issued $39 million of variable and fixed rate Pollution Control Securities in 1994.

pensioners securities — ценные бумаги для пенсионеров

ATTRIBUTES [owner\]: registered, bearer, negotiable, transferable, non-transferable, outstanding 4)

ATTRIBUTES [time\]: term, perpetual 3), dated

Liquidations from such a pool would require the manager to liquidate longer securities which are much more volatile.

Only the insurance companies and funds have preference for the longer-dated securities.

The Portfolio Manager is now investing some of the District’s portfolio in longer-term securities.

The government could persuade lenders to take up only about 60% of US$1.2 billion in six-month securities on offer.

Two- and 3-year securities have a minimum of $3 billion.

ATTRIBUTES [rights\]: alternate 2) б), antidilutive, assented, asset-backed, auction rate, backed, callable, closed-end mortgage, collateralized, collateral trust, combination 3) в), companion, consolidated mortgage, convertible 2) а), debenture 2) а), definitive, double-barreled 3) а), endorsed, exchange, exchangeable, extendible, federal home loan bank, Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, first mortgage, general obligation, guaranteed 2) а), general mortgage home loan, insured, interchangeable, irredeemable 2) а), junior 2) б), junior lien, moral obligation, mortgage 3. 3) а), mortgage-backed, non-assented, noncallable, non-participating, open-end mortgage, parity, participating 2) а), preferred 2) а), prior lien, profit-sharing, property 2) а), putable, real estate, redeemable 3) а), revenue 3. 1) а), second lien, second mortgage, secured, senior 2) б), senior lien, serial, series 2) б), subordinated, tax increment, tranche, unassented, unsecured, z-tranche

special tax security — ценная бумага под определенный налог

special assessment security — ценная бумага под определенный налог

special purpose security — ценная бумага под определенный проект

This is a series of Frequently Asked Questions about other Special Purpose Securities handled by the Special Investments Branch.

ATTRIBUTES [currency\]: dual currency, reverse-dual currency

The Bank accepts as collateral Canadian dollar securities issued or guaranteed by the Government of Canada.

But if you have an expectation of a weakening dollar, does it still make sense to invest in US dollar-denominated securities?

ATTRIBUTES [income\]: adjustable rate, annuity, auction rate, bank-qualified, capital growth, capped, coupon-bearing, collar, collared, coupon 1), credit-sensitive, deep discount, defaulted, deferred-coupon, deferred interest, discount 1. 1), double-exempt, fixed annuity, fixed-coupon, fixed-rate, fixed-income, flat, flat income, floating rate, floored, full coupon, interest-bearing, non-interest-bearing, non-qualified, non-bank-qualified, life annuity, mismatch, original issue discount, premium 1. 1), qualified 1. 2) б), qualifying 1. 2) б), reset, split coupon, step-down, step-up, stripped, taxable, tax-credit, tax-exempt 1. 1), tax-free, tax-exempt, tax-preferred, variable-coupon, variable annuity, variable rate, zero-coupon

The prepayment rate for mortgages backing Ginnie Mae's 13 percent securities was 47.3 percent.

[high, higher, medium, low, lower\] coupon security — с [высоким, более высоким, средним, низким, более низким\] купоном [доходом\]

The State governments and their utilities had proposed issuing of low coupon securities for refinancing the SLR securities.

high [higher, medium, low, lower\] income security — с высоким [более высоким, средним, низким, более низким\] доходом

You'd be prudent to select issues with short maturities that can later be replaced with higher-income securities as interest rates rise.

high [higher, medium, low, lower\] yield security — с высокой [более высокой, средней, низкой, более низкой\] доходностью

The higher yield securities with higher risk can form the portion that you are willing to gamble.

What happens is that the company that is insured anticipates in advance and knows that low-coverage/high-premium securities will fetch lower prices.

ATTRIBUTES [creation\]: original issue discount, OID, fully paid, partly paid, private placement 2., publicly offered, when-issued

ATTRIBUTES [destruction\]: bullet, bullet-maturity, drawn, single-payment, sinking fund 1), planned amortization class, targeted amortization class, variable redemption

ATTRIBUTES [status\]: listed 2), unlisted, non-listed, delisted, quoted, unquoted, rated 3), non-rated, speculative grade, investment grade, gilt-edged

ATTRIBUTES [size\]: baby, penny

ATTRIBUTES [structured\]: structured, well-structured, non-structured, range, range accrual, capital protected, principal protected, capital guaranteed, reverse floating rate, inverse floating rate, participation, equity index participation, equity participation, market participation, equity linked, equity index-linked, index-linked, market-indexed, equity-linked, credit-linked, reverse convertible, indexed, non-indexed, dual-indexed, capital-indexed, coupon-indexed, interest-indexed, current-pay, gold-indexed, catastrophe, cat, catastrophe-linked, catastrophe risk-linked, cat-linked, catastrophe insurance, cat-linked, catastrophe insurance, disaster, act of God, earthquake, earthquake-risk, hurricane

Argentina will not be required to make an adjustment to the amounts previously paid to holders of the GDP-linked Securities for changes that may affect the economy.

Proposals to create GDP-indexed securities are naturally supported by the arguments in this paper

ATTRIBUTES [form\]: book-entry, certificated

security market — фондовый рынок, рынок ценных бумаг

ACTIONS [passive\]:

to issue a security — выпускать [эмитировать\] ценную бумагу

to place [underwrite\] a security — размещать ценную бумагу

to hedge a security — хеджировать ценную бумагу

to earn $n on a security — получать доход в n долл. от ценной бумаги

to register a security in name of X — регистрировать ценную бумагу на имя X

to offer a security — предлагать (к продаже) (новые) ценные бумаги (инвесторам)

to call a security (for redemption) — предлагать (требовать) досрочный выкуп ценной бумаги

to convert a security into — конвертировать ценную бумагу в

to transfer a security — передавать (продавать) ценную бумагу (другому лицу)

to back a security — создавать обеспечение для ценной бумаги

to guaranty a security — гарантировать ценную бумагу

to rate a security — оценивать надежность ценной бумаги

to pay interest on a security — выплачивать проценты по ценной бумаге

to list a security, to admit a security to a listing, to accept security for trading in a exchange — допускать ценную бумагу к торгам (на бирже), включать в листинг

ACTIONS [active\]:

a security carries risk — ценная бумага подвержена риску

a security floats — ценная бумага обращается

a security closes at $n up[down\] m% — курс закрытия ценной бумаги составил $n, что на m% выше [ниже\] вчерашнего

COMBS:

security price — цена [курс\] ценной бумаги

issuer of an security — эмитент ценной бумаги

See:

debt security, equity security, hybrid security, antidilutive securities, asset-backed securities, auction rate securities, baby securities, book-entry securities, certificated security, control securities, convertible securities, coupon security, dated security, deep discount security, discount securities, drop-lock security, equity-linked securities, fixed income security, foreign interest payment security, gross-paying securities, inflation-indexed security, interest-bearing securities, irredeemable securities, junior securities, letter security, listed securities, marketable securities, negotiable security, net-paying securities, non-convertible securities, participating securities, pay-in-kind securities, perpetual security, primary security, secondary security, unlisted securities, zero-coupon security, securities analyst, security analyst, securities broker, securities dealer, security dealer, securities market, security market, securities trader, International Securities Identification Number, financial market, principal, interest, issuer, Uniform Sale of Securities Act, Securities Act of 1933, Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935, Culp v. Mulvane, Investment Company Act, Investment Advisers Act, SEC v. CM Joiner Leasing Corp., SEC v. W. J. Howey Co., SEC v. Variable Annuity Life Insurance Company of America, SEC v. United Benefit Life Insurance Company, Tcherepnin v. Knight, SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc.

б) фин., обычно мн. (право владения или отношения займа, закрепленные в документе, который может передаваться из рук в руки и является инструментом привлечения финансирования)

в) юр., амер. (трактуется как сделка по предоставлению денежных средств в пользование другого лица с целью извлечения прибыли, удостоверяющий такую сделку документ, а также право на его приобретение или продажу, которые характеризуются следующими обстоятельствами: а) мотивацией продавца, заключающейся в привлечении капитала, необходимого для общего использования в коммерческом предприятии продавца или для финансирования существенных инвестиций, б) мотивацией покупателя, заключающейся в получении прибыли от предоставления средств, в) выступлением инструмента в роли предмета обычной торговли, г) разумными ожиданиями покупателя о применении к инструменту федеральных законов о ценных бумагах, д) отсутствием сокращающего риск фактора, напр., выражающегося в применении к инструменту другой схемы регулирования)

See:

Securities Act of 1933, Investment Company Act, Investment Advisers Act, SEC v. CM Joiner Leasing Corp., SEC v. W. J. Howey Co., SEC v. Variable Annuity Life Insurance Company of America, SEC v. United Benefit Life Insurance Company, Tcherepnin v. Knight, SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc., SEC v. Glenn W. Turner Enterprises, Inc.

* * *
безопасность, сохранность, ценная бумага, обеспечение, гарантия: 1) ценная бумага; свидетельство долга или собственности; сертификаты ценных бумаг, векселя; см. securities; 2) обеспечение: активы и др. собственность, которые могут быть использованы как обеспечение кредита или облигаций; в случае отказа заемщика от погашения кредита обеспечение может быть реализовано; = collateral security; 3) безопасность: процедуры, обеспечивающие безопасность банка, его активов и документации, включая физическую защиту, процедуры внутреннего аудита; 4) гарантия: гарантия выполнения обязательств другого лица, в т. ч. личная гарантия; = personal security.
* * *

Ценная бумага - документ/сертификат, являющийся свидетельством собственности на акции, облигации и другие инвестиционные инструменты
. Безопасность - меры, предпринимаемые для обеспечения конфиденциальности передаваемой по линиям связи персональной информации о клиенте, совершаемых им операциях и т.п. . гарантия по ссуде; обеспечение кредита; обеспечение ссуды; обеспечение; ценная бумага; отдел охраны (банка, компании) Инвестиционная деятельность .
* * *

Инвестиционная деятельность

ценная бумага

финансовые активы, включающие акции, правительственные облигации и ценные бумаги с государственной гарантией, облигации компании, сертификаты паевых фондов и документы, подтверждающие право собственности на предоставленные в ссуду или депонированные денежные средства; страховые полисы к таким активам не относятся

Англо-русский экономический словарь > security
6 fábrica

f.

factory, industry, industrial plant, mill.

* * *

fábrica

► nombre femenino

1 (industria) factory, plant

2 (fabricación) manufacture

3 ARQUITECTURA masonry

■ las paredes son de fábrica the walls are made of stone

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

fábrica de cerveza brewery

fábrica de conservas cannery, canning factory

fábrica de gas gasworks

fábrica de harina flour mill

fábrica de montaje assembly plant

fábrica de papel paper mill

precio de fábrica factory price, ex-works price

* * *

noun f.

1) factory

2) plant

* * *

SF

1) (=factoría) factory

marca de fábrica — trademark

precio de fábrica — price ex-works, price ex-factory

fábrica de acero — steel plant, steelworks

fábrica de algodón — cotton mill

fábrica de cerveza — brewery

fábrica de conservas — canning plant, cannery

fábrica de gas — gasworks

fábrica de moneda — mint

fábrica de montaje — assembly plant

fábrica de papel — paper mill

fábrica de vidrio — glassworks

fábrica experimental — pilot plant

2) (Arquit)

de fábrica — stone, stonework

3) (=proceso) manufacture

4) And (=alambique) still, distillery

* * *

femenino factory

fábrica de zapatos — shoe factory

fábrica de textiles/papel — textile/paper mill

fábrica de cerveza — brewery

fábrica de conservas — cannery

* * *

= factory, manufacturing firm, manufactory, manufacturing enterprise, plant, manufacturing plant.

Ex. A thesaurus might advise the searcher that the following alternative terms might prove fruitful: factories and other more specific terms, e.g. Printing works.

Ex. Fee-for-service programmes can target non-traditional market segments such as pharmaceutical companies, lawyers, and manufacturing firms who regularly need and willingly pay a premium price for perishable medical information.

Ex. The strength of the book 'The American manufactory' lies in its detailed narratives of success and failure.

Ex. The author attempts to determine whether South African manufacturing enterprises used information to their competitive advantage.

Ex. The author describes the approach and its application to 2 different processes: coffee roasting and decaffeination in a Nestle plant.

Ex. Greater London constituted Britain's most important interwar centre for new manufacturing plants.

----

* como salido de fábrica = in mint condition.

* fábrica azucarera = sugar mill.

* fábrica de azúcar = sugar factory.

* fábrica de azúcar de remolacha = beet sugar factory.

* fábrica de carruajes = carriage-making plant.

* fábrica de cemento = cement plant.

* fábrica de cerámica = ceramics factory.

* fábrica de cerveza = brewery.

* fábrica de conservas = cannery.

* fábrica de diplomados = diploma mill.

* fábrica de laminación de acero = steel mill.

* fábrica de licenciados = diploma mill.

* fábrica de muebles = furniture factory.

* fábrica de papel = paper mill, pulp and paper mill.

* fábrica de tejidos de algodón = mill, cotton mill.

* fábrica de titulados = diploma mill.

* fábrica de toneles = cooperage.

* fábrica textil = mill.

* máquina de fábrica = manufacturing equipment.

* perforado de fábrica = pre-drilled.

* propietario de una fábrica textil = wool-factor.

* trabajador de fábrica = factory worker, factory hand.

* * *

femenino factory

fábrica de zapatos — shoe factory

fábrica de textiles/papel — textile/paper mill

fábrica de cerveza — brewery

fábrica de conservas — cannery

* * *

= factory, manufacturing firm, manufactory, manufacturing enterprise, plant, manufacturing plant.

Ex: A thesaurus might advise the searcher that the following alternative terms might prove fruitful: factories and other more specific terms, e.g. Printing works.

Ex: Fee-for-service programmes can target non-traditional market segments such as pharmaceutical companies, lawyers, and manufacturing firms who regularly need and willingly pay a premium price for perishable medical information.

Ex: The strength of the book 'The American manufactory' lies in its detailed narratives of success and failure.

Ex: The author attempts to determine whether South African manufacturing enterprises used information to their competitive advantage.

Ex: The author describes the approach and its application to 2 different processes: coffee roasting and decaffeination in a Nestle plant.

Ex: Greater London constituted Britain's most important interwar centre for new manufacturing plants.

* como salido de fábrica = in mint condition.

* fábrica azucarera = sugar mill.

* fábrica de azúcar = sugar factory.

* fábrica de azúcar de remolacha = beet sugar factory.

* fábrica de carruajes = carriage-making plant.

* fábrica de cemento = cement plant.

* fábrica de cerámica = ceramics factory.

* fábrica de cerveza = brewery.

* fábrica de conservas = cannery.

* fábrica de diplomados = diploma mill.

* fábrica de laminación de acero = steel mill.

* fábrica de licenciados = diploma mill.

* fábrica de muebles = furniture factory.

* fábrica de papel = paper mill, pulp and paper mill.

* fábrica de tejidos de algodón = mill, cotton mill.

* fábrica de titulados = diploma mill.

* fábrica de toneles = cooperage.

* fábrica textil = mill.

* máquina de fábrica = manufacturing equipment.

* perforado de fábrica = pre-drilled.

* propietario de una fábrica textil = wool-factor.

* trabajador de fábrica = factory worker, factory hand.

* * *

fábrica

feminine

A (planta industrial) factory

fábrica de zapatos/muebles shoe/furniture factory

fábrica de textiles textile mill

fábrica de papel paper mill

fábrica de cerveza brewery

fábrica de conservas canning plant

un defecto de fábrica a manufacturing defect

B ( Const) stonework

una pared de fábrica a stone wall

* * *

Del verbo fabricar: ( conjugate fabricar)

fabrica es:

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

Multiple Entries:
fabricar
fábrica
fabricar ( conjugate fabricar) verbo transitivo
to manufacture;
◊ fábrica en cadena/serie to mass-produce;

( on signs) fabricado en Perú made in Peru
fábrica sustantivo femenino
factory;
◊ una fábrica de zapatos a shoe factory;

fábrica de textiles/papel textile/paper mill;
fábrica de cerveza brewery;
fábrica de conservas cannery
fabricar verbo transitivo
1 (en serie) to manufacture
2 (elaborar) to make
3 (construir) to build
4 figurado to fabricate
fábrica sustantivo femenino factory
fábrica de cemento, cement works
fábrica de cerveza, brewery
fábrica de papel, paper mill
fábrica textil, textile plant

' fábrica' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
bodega
- cantina
- cervecería
- comedor
- comedora
- enchufar
- factoría
- sirena
- volar
- azucarera
- bocina
- cafetería
- cerrar
- chimenea
- cierre
- defecto
- encerrar
- encierro
- fichar
- funcionamiento
- modernizar
- molino
- música
- obrero
- ocupar
- panadería
- papelera
- personal
- situar
- técnico
- telar
- toma
- tomar
- usina
- velador
- vidrio
English:
brewery
- close down
- downgrade
- ex
- factory
- found
- gasworks
- grind
- hooter
- idle
- mill
- nowhere
- output
- plant
- produce
- scale down
- shed
- should
- stop
- trade secret
- work
- armory
- blot
- second
- sweat
- trade
- works

* * *

fábrica nf

1. [establecimiento industrial] factory;

viene instalado de fábrica it's pre-installed;

tiene un defecto de fábrica it has a manufacturing defect;

es así de fábrica it's like that when you buy it

Comp
fábrica de cerveza brewery;
fábrica de conservas canning plant, cannery;

Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre = Spanish national mint;

fábrica de papel paper mill;

fábrica siderúrgica iron and steelworks [singular]

2. [construcción] [ladrillo] brickwork;
[piedra] stonework;
un muro de fábrica [de ladrillo] a brick wall;
[de piedra] a stone wall
* * *

fábrica

f

1 plant, factory;

en fábrica COM de precio ex works

2 ARQUI stonework;

de fábrica stone atr

* * *

fábrica nf

factoría: factory

* * *

fábrica n factory [pl. factories]

una fábrica de coches a car factory

Si se trata de una fábrica de azúcar, de papel o textil se suele llamar mill

una fábrica textil a textile mill

Spanish-English dictionary > fábrica
7 PEG

1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Progression Elevated Gene, показатель цена акции/ЧП (чистая прибыль)

2) Медицина: polyethylenglycol, ПЭГ (перкутанная эндоскопическая гастростомия), практический образовательный стандарт (Practice Education Guideline)

3) Американизм: Political Economy And Government, Promoting Electronic Government, Public Education And Government

4) Военный термин: Photo Exploitation Group, Priorities for ELINT Guidance, Priority Exploitation Group, Program Element Group, performance evaluation group, program evaluation group

5) Химия: Poly Ethylene Glycol

6) Религия: Personally Experiencing God

7) Биржевой термин: Price Earnings To Growth, Price/Earnings to Growth ratio, price-earnings-growth

8) Сокращение: Program Evaluation Group (USA), Program Evaluation Guide (Postal Service Safety and Health), percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, price/earnings ratio growth

9) Университет: Participation Education Group

10) Физиология: Gastric Tube, Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrotomy, Percutaneous Exterior Gastrostomy, PneumoEncephaloGram, (TUBE) Para Entero Gastrostomy (tube)

11) Парфюмерия: полиэтиленгликоль

12) СМИ: Public, Education, and Government Access cable channels

13) Деловая лексика: Professional Engagement Group, Professional Experts Group

14) Образование: Perform Excel And Grow, Professional Emphasis Group

15) Полимеры: polyethylene glycol

16) Чат: Pretty Excellent Guy

17) NYSE. Public Service Enterprises

18) Аэропорты: Perugia, Italy

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > PEG
8 Peg

1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Progression Elevated Gene, показатель цена акции/ЧП (чистая прибыль)

2) Медицина: polyethylenglycol, ПЭГ (перкутанная эндоскопическая гастростомия), практический образовательный стандарт (Practice Education Guideline)

3) Американизм: Political Economy And Government, Promoting Electronic Government, Public Education And Government

4) Военный термин: Photo Exploitation Group, Priorities for ELINT Guidance, Priority Exploitation Group, Program Element Group, performance evaluation group, program evaluation group

5) Химия: Poly Ethylene Glycol

6) Религия: Personally Experiencing God

7) Биржевой термин: Price Earnings To Growth, Price/Earnings to Growth ratio, price-earnings-growth

8) Сокращение: Program Evaluation Group (USA), Program Evaluation Guide (Postal Service Safety and Health), percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, price/earnings ratio growth

9) Университет: Participation Education Group

10) Физиология: Gastric Tube, Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrotomy, Percutaneous Exterior Gastrostomy, PneumoEncephaloGram, (TUBE) Para Entero Gastrostomy (tube)

11) Парфюмерия: полиэтиленгликоль

12) СМИ: Public, Education, and Government Access cable channels

13) Деловая лексика: Professional Engagement Group, Professional Experts Group

14) Образование: Perform Excel And Grow, Professional Emphasis Group

15) Полимеры: polyethylene glycol

16) Чат: Pretty Excellent Guy

17) NYSE. Public Service Enterprises

18) Аэропорты: Perugia, Italy

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Peg
9 peg

1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Progression Elevated Gene, показатель цена акции/ЧП (чистая прибыль)

2) Медицина: polyethylenglycol, ПЭГ (перкутанная эндоскопическая гастростомия), практический образовательный стандарт (Practice Education Guideline)

3) Американизм: Political Economy And Government, Promoting Electronic Government, Public Education And Government

4) Военный термин: Photo Exploitation Group, Priorities for ELINT Guidance, Priority Exploitation Group, Program Element Group, performance evaluation group, program evaluation group

5) Химия: Poly Ethylene Glycol

6) Религия: Personally Experiencing God

7) Биржевой термин: Price Earnings To Growth, Price/Earnings to Growth ratio, price-earnings-growth

8) Сокращение: Program Evaluation Group (USA), Program Evaluation Guide (Postal Service Safety and Health), percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, price/earnings ratio growth

9) Университет: Participation Education Group

10) Физиология: Gastric Tube, Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrotomy, Percutaneous Exterior Gastrostomy, PneumoEncephaloGram, (TUBE) Para Entero Gastrostomy (tube)

11) Парфюмерия: полиэтиленгликоль

12) СМИ: Public, Education, and Government Access cable channels

13) Деловая лексика: Professional Engagement Group, Professional Experts Group

14) Образование: Perform Excel And Grow, Professional Emphasis Group

15) Полимеры: polyethylene glycol

16) Чат: Pretty Excellent Guy

17) NYSE. Public Service Enterprises

18) Аэропорты: Perugia, Italy

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > peg
10 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
11 Fuller, Samuel

1912-1997

   Cineasta excesivo, con el cine en la sangre, Samuel Fuller es uno de los grandes, y semidesconocidos hoy, realizadores norteamericanos. Nacido en Worcester, Massachusetts, periodista de formacion, es novelista cronologicamente antes que cineasta, lo que le facilita la entrada en el mundo del cine como guionista, a mediados de los anos 30. No sera hasta 1949 cuando debutaria en la direccion con Balas vengadoras. Casi desde su primer filme, parece dispuesto a poner en practica el concepto del cine que haria explicito en su pequena intervencion en la pelicula de Jean-Luc Godard Pierrot, el loco (Pierrot le fou, 1965): «Una pelicula es como una batalla, amor, odio, accion, violencia, muerte; en una palabra, emocion ». No es de extranar, pues, que cada una de sus peliculas belicas sea una obra maestra, desde Casco de acero (The Steel Helmet, 1950), pasando por Invasion en Birmania (Merrill’s Marauders, 1962), hasta Uno rojo: division de choque (The Big Red One, 1979). Pero tambien lo son sus historias criminales, empezando por la magistral Manos peligrosas (Pickup on South Street, 1953), casi bressoniana, siguiendo con la iconoclasta La casa de bambu (House of Bamboo, 1955), y terminando con Underworld U.S.A. (1961). Implacable en el desarrollo de sus dramas humanos (Corredor sin retorno, Shock Corridor, 1963; Una luz en el hampa, The Naked Kiss, 1964), sus cuatro westerns, dos tempranos, dos de madurez, son ejemplares en su coherencia, tanto interna como formal. Maestro de las angulaciones de camara arriesgadas y de los primeros planos asfixiantes, la experiencia de acercarse a las peliculas firmadas por Samuel Fuller es impagable.

   FILMOGRAFIA

    I Shot Jesse James (Balas vengadoras). 1949. 81 minutos. Blanco y Ne gro. Lippert-Screen Guild. Preston Foster, Barbara Britton, John Ireland.

    The Baron of Arizona. 1950. 97 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Deputy Corp./ Lippert. Vincent Price, Ellen Drew, Beulah Bondi.

    Forty Guns. 1957. 80 minutos. Blanco y Negro. CinemaScope. Globe Enterprises (Fox). Barbara Stanwyck, Barry Sullivan, Dean Jagger, John Ericson.

    Run of the Arrow (Yuma). 1957. 86 minutos. Technicolor. Globe Enterprises (RKO). Rod Steiger, Sara Montiel, Brian Keith, Ralph Meeker.

English-Spanish dictionary of western films > Fuller, Samuel
12 ESP

1) Общая лексика: East-Siberian Pipeline (Восточно-сибирский трубопровод)

2) Авиация: Engine Service Plan

3) Медицина: Extra Sprite Palette

4) Американизм: Energy Saving Product, Enhanced Strategic Planning

5) Спорт: Edinburgh Skate Park, Extra Starter Performance, Extra Stretch Performance

6) Военный термин: Electro Selective Pattern, Eliminate Service Problems, Emergency Special Measures, Engineer Supply Point, Extended Service Plan, electronic standard procedure, engineering service project, engineering service publication, equipment status panel, экстрасенсорное восприятие

7) Техника: econometric software package, effective surface permittivity, electrostatic probe, engineering safety procedures, evoked synaptic potential, exchangeable sodium percentage, expanding-spread profile, Electrostatic precipitator (электростатический фильтр)

8) Шутливое выражение: Extra Smooth Pub

9) Химия: Enhanced System Protocols

10) Лингвистика: end of segment punctuation (Wordfast.net)

11) Страхование: Estonian Shipping Company

12) Автомобильный термин: Electronic Stability Program (Krokodil), (Electronic Stability Program) Электронная система курсовой устойчивости, система контроля устойчивости (electronic stability programme), cистема курсовой устойчивости, система динамической стабилизации

13) Биржевой термин: Exchange Stock Portfolio, Express Stock Position

14) Грубое выражение: Especially Stupid People, Extra Sex Please, Extra Stupid Person, Extra Stupid Personality

15) Металлургия: электростатический осадитель (electrostatic precipitator)

16) Телекоммуникации: Easy Software Products, Enhanced Service Provider

17) Сокращение: Electrical Submersible Pump, Electronic Sort Processor, English for Specific Purposes, Entry Schedule for Periodicals (tracks periodicals on-time service), Ergonomic Strategic Partnership (April 4, 2003), Expendable Signal Processor, Expendables System Programmer, Extended Service Program (USA), Extra Sensory Perception, Spanish Peseta, equipment and spare parts, Extended Self-Contained Prolog, (Electronic Stability Program) программа электронной стабилизации движения; электронная система динамической стабилизации (Krokodil), Электростатический электрофильтр (electrostatic precipitator)

18) Университет: English For Special Purposes, Exchange Student Project

19) Физика: Electron Spin Polarization

20) Электроника: Electronic Shock Protection, Electronic Skip Protection

21) Вычислительная техника: Encapsulating Security Payload, Enterprise Service Provider, Expert System Protocol, electrostatic protection, emulation sensing processor, Electronic Stability Program (Auto), EFI System Partition (EFI), Ethernet Serial Port (Ethernet), Extreme Support through Personalization (IBM), (IP) Encapsulating Security Payload (IPSEC, IP, RFC 1825/1827, VPN), Emulation Sensing Processor (QMS), emergency shutdown pilot, Embedded Services Processor

22) Нефть: electrically driven centrifugal pump, expanding spread profile, measured spontaneous potential, spontaneous potential, точечное зондирование удлинёнными годографами (expanding-spread profile)

23) Иммунология: Effectiveness Safety Personality, eosinophil-stimulation promoter

24) Связь: Established Service Provider

25) Банковское дело: испанская песета

26) Транспорт: Electronic Stability Program, En Route Spacing Program, Encapsulation Security Payload, электронная система динамической стабилизации

27) Фирменный знак: Electric Sound Products, Enterprise Services Partner, Eric Shinn Productions, Expressive Software Projects Company

28) Холодильная техника: external static pressure (внешнее статическое давление)

29) Экология: Endowment For Special Protections, electrostatic precipitator (электрофильтр)

30) Энергетика: ( Electrostatic precipitator) Электрофильтр

31) Бурение: УЭЦН, установка электроцентробежного погружного насоса, ПЭН, погружной электроцентробежный насос, electric submersible centrifugal pump, electrical submersible centrifugal pump

32) Менеджмент: (Primavera Enterprise Summary Performance) Информационная система, основанная на Web технологиях, обеспечивающая актуальной информацией по выполнению проекта, включая бюджеты и отклонения.

33) Образование: Education Support Professional, Employability Skills Program

34) Инвестиции: Enterprises Support Project

35) Сетевые технологии: Encryption Security Protocol, Enhanced Synchronization Protocol

36) Программирование: Enable SPrinkler, Extended Stack Pointer, Extra Simple Programming

37) Сахалин Р: Electric submersible pump

38) Океанография: Economical Space Position

39) Медицинская техника: end-systolic pressure (ЭхоКГ)

40) Авиационная медицина: extrasensory perception

41) Макаров: electron spin resonance, electrostatic precipitator, электронный парамагнитный резонанс, электронный спиновый резонанс

42) Расширение файла: Enterprise System Platform, Estimated Selling Price, Enhanced Serial Port (Hayes), Eudora Sharing Protocol (Qualcomm), Encapsulating Security Payload (header)

43) Нефть и газ: ESP unit, ESP installation, electric submersible pump installation, ЭЦН, агрегат ЭЦН, электрический погружной насос, электропогружное устройство, электропогружной насос, электроцентробежный погружной насосный агрегат, ESCP, ЭПУ

44) Яхтенный спорт: Испания (Обозначения на парусах)

45) Каспий: emergency supply vessel

46) Судостроение: enhanced survey program (согласно российскому судовому регистру)

47) Электротехника: earth-surface potential

48) Чат: Extra Sensual People

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > ESP
13 esp

1) Общая лексика: East-Siberian Pipeline (Восточно-сибирский трубопровод)

2) Авиация: Engine Service Plan

3) Медицина: Extra Sprite Palette

4) Американизм: Energy Saving Product, Enhanced Strategic Planning

5) Спорт: Edinburgh Skate Park, Extra Starter Performance, Extra Stretch Performance

6) Военный термин: Electro Selective Pattern, Eliminate Service Problems, Emergency Special Measures, Engineer Supply Point, Extended Service Plan, electronic standard procedure, engineering service project, engineering service publication, equipment status panel, экстрасенсорное восприятие

7) Техника: econometric software package, effective surface permittivity, electrostatic probe, engineering safety procedures, evoked synaptic potential, exchangeable sodium percentage, expanding-spread profile, Electrostatic precipitator (электростатический фильтр)

8) Шутливое выражение: Extra Smooth Pub

9) Химия: Enhanced System Protocols

10) Лингвистика: end of segment punctuation (Wordfast.net)

11) Страхование: Estonian Shipping Company

12) Автомобильный термин: Electronic Stability Program (Krokodil), (Electronic Stability Program) Электронная система курсовой устойчивости, система контроля устойчивости (electronic stability programme), cистема курсовой устойчивости, система динамической стабилизации

13) Биржевой термин: Exchange Stock Portfolio, Express Stock Position

14) Грубое выражение: Especially Stupid People, Extra Sex Please, Extra Stupid Person, Extra Stupid Personality

15) Металлургия: электростатический осадитель (electrostatic precipitator)

16) Телекоммуникации: Easy Software Products, Enhanced Service Provider

17) Сокращение: Electrical Submersible Pump, Electronic Sort Processor, English for Specific Purposes, Entry Schedule for Periodicals (tracks periodicals on-time service), Ergonomic Strategic Partnership (April 4, 2003), Expendable Signal Processor, Expendables System Programmer, Extended Service Program (USA), Extra Sensory Perception, Spanish Peseta, equipment and spare parts, Extended Self-Contained Prolog, (Electronic Stability Program) программа электронной стабилизации движения; электронная система динамической стабилизации (Krokodil), Электростатический электрофильтр (electrostatic precipitator)

18) Университет: English For Special Purposes, Exchange Student Project

19) Физика: Electron Spin Polarization

20) Электроника: Electronic Shock Protection, Electronic Skip Protection

21) Вычислительная техника: Encapsulating Security Payload, Enterprise Service Provider, Expert System Protocol, electrostatic protection, emulation sensing processor, Electronic Stability Program (Auto), EFI System Partition (EFI), Ethernet Serial Port (Ethernet), Extreme Support through Personalization (IBM), (IP) Encapsulating Security Payload (IPSEC, IP, RFC 1825/1827, VPN), Emulation Sensing Processor (QMS), emergency shutdown pilot, Embedded Services Processor

22) Нефть: electrically driven centrifugal pump, expanding spread profile, measured spontaneous potential, spontaneous potential, точечное зондирование удлинёнными годографами (expanding-spread profile)

23) Иммунология: Effectiveness Safety Personality, eosinophil-stimulation promoter

24) Связь: Established Service Provider

25) Банковское дело: испанская песета

26) Транспорт: Electronic Stability Program, En Route Spacing Program, Encapsulation Security Payload, электронная система динамической стабилизации

27) Фирменный знак: Electric Sound Products, Enterprise Services Partner, Eric Shinn Productions, Expressive Software Projects Company

28) Холодильная техника: external static pressure (внешнее статическое давление)

29) Экология: Endowment For Special Protections, electrostatic precipitator (электрофильтр)

30) Энергетика: ( Electrostatic precipitator) Электрофильтр

31) Бурение: УЭЦН, установка электроцентробежного погружного насоса, ПЭН, погружной электроцентробежный насос, electric submersible centrifugal pump, electrical submersible centrifugal pump

32) Менеджмент: (Primavera Enterprise Summary Performance) Информационная система, основанная на Web технологиях, обеспечивающая актуальной информацией по выполнению проекта, включая бюджеты и отклонения.

33) Образование: Education Support Professional, Employability Skills Program

34) Инвестиции: Enterprises Support Project

35) Сетевые технологии: Encryption Security Protocol, Enhanced Synchronization Protocol

36) Программирование: Enable SPrinkler, Extended Stack Pointer, Extra Simple Programming

37) Сахалин Р: Electric submersible pump

38) Океанография: Economical Space Position

39) Медицинская техника: end-systolic pressure (ЭхоКГ)

40) Авиационная медицина: extrasensory perception

41) Макаров: electron spin resonance, electrostatic precipitator, электронный парамагнитный резонанс, электронный спиновый резонанс

42) Расширение файла: Enterprise System Platform, Estimated Selling Price, Enhanced Serial Port (Hayes), Eudora Sharing Protocol (Qualcomm), Encapsulating Security Payload (header)

43) Нефть и газ: ESP unit, ESP installation, electric submersible pump installation, ЭЦН, агрегат ЭЦН, электрический погружной насос, электропогружное устройство, электропогружной насос, электроцентробежный погружной насосный агрегат, ESCP, ЭПУ

44) Яхтенный спорт: Испания (Обозначения на парусах)

45) Каспий: emergency supply vessel

46) Судостроение: enhanced survey program (согласно российскому судовому регистру)

47) Электротехника: earth-surface potential

48) Чат: Extra Sensual People

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > esp
14 Wirtschaft

Wirtschaft f WIWI economy • der Wirtschaft Auftrieb geben WIWI, POL boost the economy, give a boost to the economy
* * *

f <Vw> economy

* * *
Wirtschaft
economy, economic system, (Gastwirtschaft) public house (Br.), inn, restaurant, alehouse, tavern, pub (Br.), saloon (US), (Haushalt) household, (Landwirtschaft) farm;
• angekurbelte Wirtschaft boosted business;
• angeschlagene Wirtschaft butchered economy;
• auf den Export angewiesene Wirtschaft export-reliant economy;
• autarke Wirtschaft self-contained economy;
• bäuerliche Wirtschaft peasant economy;
• nur Schwarzarbeiter beschäftigende Wirtschaft submerged economy;
• volumenmäßig gleich bleibende Wirtschaft stable-volume industry;
• einheimische Wirtschaft domestic economy;
• expansive Wirtschaft growing economy;
• extensive Wirtschaft extensive cultivation;
• freie Wirtschaft free (uncontrolled) economy, private enterprise;
• [staatlich] gelenkte Wirtschaft state-controlled (draft, directed, governed) economy;
• gesamte Wirtschaft economy as a whole;
• gesamteuropäische Wirtschaft whole European economy;
• gesteuerte Wirtschaft guided economy;
• von parlamentarischen Ausschüssen gesteuerte Wirtschaft economy run by parliamentary-committee government;
• gesunde Wirtschaft sound economy;
• gewerbliche Wirtschaft industrial economy, trade and industry, manufacturing trade;
• gewerkschaftsfreie Wirtschaft unorganized economy;
• inflationistische Wirtschaft inflation boom;
• informelle Wirtschaft informal economy;
• sich integrierende Wirtschaft economy in process of integration;
• integrierte Wirtschaft integrated economy;
• intensive Wirtschaft intensive economy;
• investitionsvorsichtige Wirtschaft slow-to-invest businessmen;
• kapitalistische Wirtschaft capitalist economy;
• kaputte Wirtschaft ragged economy;
• konzertierte Wirtschaft planned economy;
• kranke Wirtschaft ailing economy;
• krisenanfällige Wirtschaft economy prone to crisis;
• krisenfeste Wirtschaft crisis-proof economy;
• von den Exportüberschüssen lebende Wirtschaft export-based economy;
• unter Arbeitermangel leidende Wirtschaft undermanned industry;
• liberalisierte Wirtschaft liberal trade;
• mitbestimmte Wirtschaft industrial democracy;
• mittelständische Wirtschaft medium and small-scale enterprises, small business (US);
• öffentliche Wirtschaft public sector of the economy;
• ölabhängige Wirtschaft oil-based economy;
• ortsansässige Wirtschaft local economy;
• polnische Wirtschaft topsy-turveydom;
• preiskontrollierte (preisüberwachte) Wirtschaft price-controlled economy;
• private Wirtschaft private business sector, private enterprise;
• pulsierende Wirtschaft vibrant economy;
• reglementierte Wirtschaft regimented economy;
• rückläufige Wirtschaft slowdown in business, economic slump, subsiding boom;
• rückständige Wirtschaft backward economy;
• sparsame Wirtschaft economization, husbandry;
• stabile Wirtschaft stable economy;
• überhitzte Wirtschaft overheated (excessive) boom;
• umweltfreundlichere Wirtschaft more environmentally friendly economy;
• unterbesetzte Wirtschaft undermanned economy;
• wettbewerbsfähige Wirtschaft competitive economy;
• zerrüttete Wirtschaft dislocated economy;
• Wirtschaft mit zu vielen Arbeitslosen too-many-jobless economy;
• Wirtschaft im Tagesspiegel businessman in the news;
• überhitzte Wirtschaft abkühlen to cool off an overheated economy;
• Wirtschaft anheizen to heat up the economy;
• Wirtschaft ankurbeln to foster trade, to boost (enliven) business, to pep up the economy, to stimulate industry, to prime the pump (US), to give the economy a shot in the arm (US coll.);
• Wirtschaft großen Belastungen aussetzen to place great strains on the economy;
• Wirtschaft wieder beleben to revive economy;
• Wirtschaft betreiben to keep an inn;
• Wirtschaft führen to [run a] farm, to be engaged in farming;
• jem. die Wirtschaft führen to keep house for s. o.;
• der Wirtschaft eine Konjunkturspritze geben to give the economy a shot in the arm (US coll.);
• in die Wirtschaft gehen to enter private business;
• Vollbeschäftigungszustand in der Wirtschaft herbeiführen to move the economy towards full employment;
• Wirtschaft lähmen to paralyse business;
• in einer Wirtschaft anschreiben lassen to run up a score at a public house (Br.);
• Wirtschaft auf Hochtouren laufen lassen to keep the economy in high gear;
• Wirtschaft geldflüssig machen to put the economy on a richer monetary diet;
• Wirtschaft eines Landes modernisieren to rejuvenate a country's economy;
• Wirtschaft eines Landes reglementieren to regulate the industries of a country;
• Wirtschaft sanieren to revitalize the economy;
• in der Wirtschaft eine Rolle spielen to make o. s. a great factor in the economy;
• der Wirtschaft neue Aufgaben stellen to provide new avenues for industry;
• Wirtschaft überfordern to overstrain the economy;
• Wirtschaft übertouren to send the economy into overdrive;
• aus dem politischen Bereich in der Lebensmitte in die Wirtschaft überwechseln to swap politics for business in mid-career;
• Wirtschaft umstellen to switch production (its economy), to reconvert industry;
• Wirtschaft einem Heilungsprozess unterziehen to cure the economy;
• der Wirtschaft wieder zuführen to recycle into the economy.

Business german-english dictionary > Wirtschaft
15 association

n

объединение, ассоциация

- American Arbitration Association
- arbitration association
- bankers' association
- banking association
- bar association
- barrier association
- benefit association
- building and loan association
- business association
- central association
- clearing house association
- cooperative association
- cooperative buying association
- cooperative marketing association
- cooperative purchasing association
- cooperative selling association
- economic association
- employees' association
- employers' association
- free association
- free trade association
- industrial association
- joint association
- marketing association
- miners' association
- monopoly association
- mutual guarantee association
- nonprofit association
- open price association
- partnership association
- producers association
- production association
- professional association
- purchasing association
- savings and loan association
- Securities Association
- standards association
- trade association
- vocational association
- voluntary association
- association of banks
- Association of British Factors
- association of cartels
- association of employers
- association of enterprises
- association of entrepreneurs
- association of exchange dealers
- Association of Futures Brokers and Dealers
- association of industrialists
- association of international bond dealers
- in association
- form an association
- join an association
- withdraw from an association

English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > association
16 market

1.

продавать или покупать на рынке

2.

1) рынок

2) биржа

•

- acceptance market

- acceptance credit market

- active market

- actuals market

- administered market

- advancing market

- alluring market

- arbitrage market

- auction market

- auditing services market

- bank market

- bank acceptance market

- banking services market

- bear market

- bearer market

- bid market

- bill market

- bill acceptance market

- black market

- bond market

- broad market

- bull market

- bullion market

- buoyant market

- buyers' market

- call money market

- capital market

- capital bond market

- captive market

- captive domestic debt market

- cash market

- closed market

- commercial banking market

- commercial paper market

- commodity market

- competitive market

- concentrated market

- confidence market

- congested market

- consumer market

- contango market

- contestable market

- controlled market

- core European market

- corn market

- corporate bond market

- corporation securities market

- covered market

- credit market

- credit derivatives market

- curb market

- currency market

- currency bond market

- currency options market

- custodian market

- day loan market

- dead market

- dealers market

- debt market

- deep market

- deposit market

- depository services market

- depressed market

- derivatives market

- developed market

- developing markets

- discount market

- domestic market

- domestic debt market

- dual exchange market

- dull market

- easy money market

- elastic market

- electronic market

- emerging markets

- enduring market

- equity market

- Eurobond market

- Eurocapital market

- Eurocredit market

- Eurocurrency market

- Euroissue market

- Euro securities market

- exchange market

- exchangeable bond market

- expanding market

- external market

- extra-bank funds market

- falling market

- federal market

- finance market

- financial market

- financial futures market

- firm market

- fixed-interest market

- flat market

- flexible market

- floated market

- floating interest rate loan market

- fluctuating market

- foreign market

- foreign currency stock market

- foreign exchange market

- foreign exchange options market

- forfaiting market

- forward market

- forward foreign exchange market

- fourth market

- fragmented market

- free market

- freight market

- fund market

- futures market

- futures and options market

- gilt-edged market

- gilts market

- global market

- global equity market

- global financial market

- global stock market

- glutted market

- gold market

- gold and foreign exchange market

- goods market

- government market

- government bond market

- government short-term bonds market

- government securities market

- grain market

- graveyard market

- gray market

- heavy market

- highly speculative market

- home market

- hypothecary market

- illegal market

- illiquid markets

- immediate market

- inactive market

- increasing market

- indeterminate market

- industrial market

- inflated securities market

- inland market

- institutional investment market

- insurance market

- interbank market

- interbank currency market

- intermediary sellers' market

- internal market

- international market

- international monetary market

- inverted market

- investment market

- issue market

- kerb market

- lawful market

- legal market

- licence market

- liquid market

- liquidity market

- loan market

- loan market for industrial enterprises

- loan capital market

- local market

- locked market

- London discount market

- long-term bond market

- long-term capital market

- lucrative market

- major market

- mature market

- mature card market

- merchandise market

- monetary market

- money market

- monopolized market

- mortgage market

- narrow market

- nascent market

- national market

- negotiable bills market

- new issues market

- off-board market

- offered market

- off-floor market

- official market

- offshore market

- offshore financial market

- off-the-board market

- one-sided market

- open market

- options market

- organized market

- outer market

- outside market

- overbought market

- oversaturated market

- overseas market

- overstocked market

- overt market

- over-the-counter market

- parallel markets

- passenger market

- pegged market

- physical market

- placement market

- price-elastic market

- primary market

- primary mortgage market

- produce market

- product market

- property market

- prospective market

- protected market

- purchasing market

- raw materials market

- real estate market

- receptive market

- regional stock market

- regulated market

- repurchase market

- retail market

- rigged market

- rising market

- roadside market

- roller-coaster market

- rural market

- sagging market

- sales market

- saturated market

- secondary market

- secondary bond market

- secondary mortgage market

- secondary stock market

- securities market

- securitized debt market

- seesaw market

- segmented market

- sellers' market

- sensitive market

- services market

- settlement market

- share market

- sheltered market

- short-term money market

- short-term paper market

- sick market

- single market

- slack market

- sluggish market

- soft market

- sophisticated market

- speculative market

- spot market

- spot currency market

- stable market

- stagnant market

- stale market

- steady market

- stock market

- street market

- strong market

- structured credit market

- swap market

- syndicated loan market

- thin market

- third market

- tight market

- tight money market

- top-heavy market

- trade market

- trading market

- treasury bond market

- treasury note market

- turbulent market

- two-tier market

- two-tier foreign exchange market

- two-tier gold market

- uncertain market

- uneven market

- unified financial market

- unlimited market

- unlisted securities market

- unofficial market

- unorganized market

- unsettled market

- unstable market

- unsteady market

- urban market

- variable interest rate loan market

- virtual services market

- volatile market

- volatile equity market

- volatile foreign exchange market

- weak market

- wholesale market

- world market

- world commodity market

- market for depositary receipts

- markets for equity issues

- market of credit resources market

- market of limited absorptive capacity

- market of new securities

- market of short-term obligations

- assess a market

- be in the market

- be long of the market

- bear the market

- black the market

- boom the market

- branch out into a new market

- break into the market

- bring on the market

- broaden a market

- build up a market

- bull the market

- buy at the market

- come into the market

- command a market

- congest a market

- conquer a market

- consolidate the country's fragmented market

- corner a market

- destabilize a market

- develop a market

- disappear from the market

- divide a market

- dominate the market

- enter the market

- eschew capital markets

- evaluate a market

- expand a market

- find market

- flood a market

- force the market

- gain access to the market

- get into a market

- get access to the market

- glut a market

- keep the market

- launch on the market

- liberalize financial markets

- make a market

- manipulate a market

- monopolize a market

- open up new markets

- oust from the market

- overstock a market

- penetrate into the market

- play the market

- pull from the market

- put on the market

- raid the market

- revitalize a market

- rig a market

- rule a market

- saturate a market

- sell at the market

- share a market

- split a market

- study a market

- take over a market

- tap new markets

- win a market

- at the market

- in line with the market

- in a rising market

English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > market

См. также в других словарях:

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Tom Price (GA politician) — Infobox Congressman name =Tom Price date of birth=birth date and age|1954|10|08 place of birth =Lansing, Michigan state = Georgia district = 6th term start =January 3, 2005 preceded = Johnny Isakson succeeded = Incumbent religion = Presbyterian… … Wikipedia
Worldvision Enterprises, Inc. — Worldvision Enterprises Причина завершения деятельности: слияние с Paramount/Viacom (ныне CBS/Paramount) Дата завершения деятельности: 1999 г. Основана: 1957 г. Отрасль: телевидение и кинематограф … Википедия
Metropolitan Educational Enterprises — Metropolitan Educational Enterprises, Inc. is a company, founded in 1968 and based in Chicago, Illinois, that reportedly sells educational materials through independent contractors. The company often targets US military members as potential… … Wikipedia
Consumer price index (South Africa) — For other uses, see Consumer price index. The consumer price index (CPI) is the official measure of inflation in South Africa. One variant, the consumer price index excluding mortgage costs (CPIX), is officially targeted by the South African… … Wikipedia

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